These Pirates created the means and rules of commerce still used today.

1600 ROYAL CHARTER The Company of merchants of London trading into The East Indies is granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I, established with 125 shareholders and £72,000 of capital.  Sir Thomas Smythe is The Company’s first Governor. Elizabeth also limited the liability of the EIC’s investors as well as her liabilities in granting a Royal Charter. This made The Company the world’s first limited liability corporation.  

As early as 1606, Queen Elizabeth I used her chartered ships to import Opium from India.

1608 LANDING IN INDIA establishes its first “factory” as trading posts were called. Landing in India gave The Company access to spices not controlled by Dutch traders.

1615 Commercial treaty gave The Company exclusive rights to reside and build factories around Surat in exchange for rare commodities from Europe. 

1668 The Company had established factories in Calcutta. Fort William remains active as the HQ of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army.

1664 The Company receives Chinese permission to trade from Guangzhou (Canton) importing silk, tea and porcelain. Trade was made with the Chinese Hongs (trading companies) who controlled trade within China. In England, the demand for tea booms, in 1664 The Company placed an order for Tea for 100lbs, by 1750 annual imports had reached 4,727,992 Lbs.  

Having initially traded tea for silver, the English are concerned they are going broke. They begin to smuggle opium into China for tea, this leads directly to the opium wars between Britain and China, as the Chinese government tries to stop this trade. 

The Honorable East India Company during this period was controlled by the Baring Brothers Bank (Toward the closing decades of the 17th century, the British House of Rothschild would supplant the Baring Brothers as the controlling financial interests in the China opium trade. 

• THE UNSEEN WORLD AND OTHER ESSAYS   By John Fiske​ 1876 see  IX. THE FAMINE OF 1770 IN BENGAL.

Trade Figures in Britain and US in 1700s

• Key Economic Events in Britain From 1700​

1780 IT WAS THE FIRST GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA WARREN HASTINGS' IDEA TO TRAFFIC DRUGS TO CHINA

$5 billion in gold bullion one of the Federal Reserve Banks.

The Other Side of Foreign Investment by Imperial Powers Transfer of Surplus from Colonies

The East India Company

24 September, 1599: London.

About eighty English merchants meet to discuss the formation of an English East India Company. Including, Richard Staper (Levant Co), Thomas Smythe (Levant Co), Sir John Hart, Richard Cockayne,  and Lord Mayor Sir Stephen Soane (1622-1661) also the great-great grandfather of Thomas Jefferson!!!

The East India Company (EIC) stands apart as the world's first major shareholder company, which ruled a fifth of the world's population, with a quarter million private army and generated revenues much greater than the whole of Britain. It played a key role in the triggering of globalization, long before it became a buzzword. By 1707, the EIC became Britain's single most successful enterprise and the biggest single employer in London.
 

Under the Chairmanship of the Lord Mayor, Sir Stephen Soane, agreed to petition Elizabeth I, to set up a company to trade with the East Indies. After a series of political negotiations and finance raising, finally the EIC was incorporated on December 31, 1600. Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to the Governor and Company of Merchants of London for fifteen years with the primary purpose of share in the East Indian spice trade lured by India's profitable economic market. In 1609, the company got a permanent charter, which continued former privileges and added authority to make peace or war with Indian princes. By 1615, the merchants combined as a single joint stock company, and planted the seeds for the beginning of a modern idea of shareholdings and dividends.

Then, political control came gradually as residential governors began to establish the foundations of English justice, fixed land revenue in India. By the late 17th century, it was a well-organized monopoly company. In the process, it emerged as the most powerful private company in history. In 1813; the government abolished its monopoly of trade. In 1833, it was deprived of its rights to trade altogether. The company's army was passed to the crown, and with the expiry of the charter on June 1, 1874, the unusual East India Company met its closing stages.

The Company

the world’s first limited liability corporation.

1600 East India Company granted a ROYAL CHARTER by the Queen of England. 

The Company of merchants of London trading into The East Indies is granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I, established with 125 shareholders and £72,000 of capital.  Sir Thomas Smythe is The Company’s first Governor. Elizabeth also limited the liability of the EIC’s investors as well as her liabilities in granting a Royal Charter. This made The Company the world’s first limited liability corporation.

The East India Company was the first corporation which led to owning shares of stock, dividends. The East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpeter, tea and opium.

The Company was granted a Royal Charter in 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Shares of the company were owned by wealthy merchants and aristocrats. The British East India Company was an English and then later on from 1707 a British joint-stock company formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies but which ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent.

East India Company: From Traders to Rulers

The people behind this transformation are Lord Clive and Warren Hastings. Charles Cornwallis helped to transform the company from trader to sovereign. The company"s transformation from traders to rulers had an impact on every nook and corner of India. It ruled entire India with its own army and navy and minted its own currency and traded every corner of the world. It forced the transformation from a country of combined agriculture and manufacture into an agricultural colony of British capitalism.

By 1707, the EIC became Britain's single most successful enterprise and the biggest single employer in London. As the time progresses, the economic structure of the subcontinent came to serve the needs of new rulers. This helped the company's servants to transform themselves from merchants into administrators, judges, revenue collectors and soldiers. [[ See Aldrich Purpose of the Senate ]]

​The company's officials were returning to London with fortunes equaling, without too much effort or ability (even a seat in Parliament), with those of the wealthy people in London. The company's army was passed to the crown, and with the expiry of the charter on June 1, 1874, the unusual East India Company closed down.

It was a multinational company, in action,

it was an expansionist nation state.

It was a multinational company, in action, it was an expansionist nation state. The article dwells on the evolution of what perhaps became the world's first joint stock company, its emergence as a global business and its transformation from a commercial organization to a military establishment, which was the main force behind the colonization. This company prospered for over 250 years and ruled a subcontinent. The East India Company (EIC) stands apart as the world's first major shareholder company, which ruled a fifth of the world's population, with a quarter million private army and generated revenues much greater than the whole of Britain.

The Origin

The seeds of the world's first multinational company were sown on September 24, 1599, when a group of eighty merchants met at the Founders' Hall in the City of London. Under the Chairmanship of the Lord Mayor, Sir Stephen Sloane, (Thomas Jefferson's Grandfather) agreed to petition Elizabeth I, to set up a company to trade with the East Indies. After a series of political negotiations and finance raising, EIC Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to the Governor and Company of Merchants of London for fifteen years with the primary purpose of share in the East Indian spice trade lured by India's profitable economic market. In the tenth voyage, in 1611, it earned a return of 148 percent on its shareholders' capital of 46,092 pounds.

THE BEGINNING OF A CORPORATION THAT MAKES WAR

Until 1612, it conducted voyages, separately subscribed to, by investors.The company's main motive was to make money.
In 1609, the company got a permanent charter, which continued former privileges and added authority to make peace or war with Indian princes. By 1615, the merchants combined as a single joint stock company, and planted the seeds for the beginning of a modern idea of share holdings and dividends.Then, political control came gradually as residential governors began to establish the foundations of English justice, fixed land revenue in India. By the late 17th century, it was a well-organized monopoly company. In the process, it emerged as the most powerful private company in history.

The Directors of the East India Company created a “trade triangle”, where English goods were shipped to India and sold, and the proceeds from that sale were used to buy opium, which was then shipped to China where it was exchanged for tea, which was then shipped back to England. Almost everyone was happy with the trade triangle: 10% of the English government's tax revenue came from taxes on tea, and that money paid for countless railroad lines, public buildings and bureaucrat's salaries. English companies got to export their products to India, making Englishmen rich.

 

2014 Thomas Middelhoff Goes To Jail
The guy who ran Bertelsmann, before he was forced out and they sold RCA to Sony, the guy who embraced Napster and was then squeezed out by the controlling Mohn family when he wanted to take Bertelsmann public and utilize the proceeds to further expand. 

Mohn Name Meaning
metonymic occupational name for a grower of poppies, from Middle High German man ‘poppy’.from a short form of the Germanic personal name Monrad, composed of the elements mun ‘spirit’, ‘thought’ + rat ‘counsel’.variant of German Möhn (see Moehn).

 

The British merchants expanded and consolidated their power in India.
The East India Company not only made money, but also used some of the income from the opium trade to bribe Indian leaders, cementing the company's hold on India. Indians got to buy imported goods and get jobs in opium production. And the Chinese were able to get high.

1773 BOSTON TEA PARTY 

The Boston Tea party was driven by resistance throughout British America against the Tea Act, passed by the British Parliament in 1773.  Colonists objected to the Tea Act because it violated their right to be taxed only by their own elected representatives. Men thinly disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 chests overboard three ships, the ‘Dartmouth’, the ‘Eleanor’ and the ‘Beaver’, loaded with tea from The East India Company.  The tea chests very likely had opium smuggled in all the chests. The cargo manifests of all the three British ships involved in the Boston Tea Party, the Beaver, the Eleanor and the Dartmouth included opium. During the 1770s, the Chinese were trading silk and spices for European gold, nearly bankrupting the East India Company and the Rothschilds banking establishment.The tea spilled into the Boston was East India company tea, who had a monopoly of the Opium trade from India to China on tea clippers. 

1784 East India Company Act (Pitt's India Act)

The East India Company had grown into a powerful political and trading organization, rivaling that of the British Government, in effect ruling many of The British Empires territories. The bill differentiated The East India Company’s political functions from its commercial activities. In political matters The East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly.  The process was slow and required subsequent parliamentary acts to allow The British Government to fully separate The Company’s political control from its commercial activities. 

The East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act) had two key aspects:

Relationship to the British government: the bill differentiated the East India Company's political functions from its commercial activities. In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly. To accomplish this, the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India, usually referred to as the Board of Control. The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Secretary of State, and four Privy Councillors, nominated by the King. The act specified that the Secretary of State "shall preside at, and be President of the said Board".

2014 Bitcoin The Queen gets cut out thus depriving the Exchequer of revenue !!!!
"bypassing the normal banking channels and thus depriving the Exchequer of revenue"

 

THE CORPORATION THAT CHANGED THE WORLD

The Nick Robins, author of 'The Corporation That Changed the World' (Pluto, 2012) 
The gripping story of the East India Company’s rollercoaster ride from its foundation by royal charter in 1600 to its shameful demise in the 1860s.

The corporation that changed the world, How the East India Company shaped the modern multinational will help you understand the deep precedence, and act. This acclaimed book has just gone into its 2nd edition, and it’s a fascinating contribution to analysing how we’ve got to this stage in business history. What’s the approach? As Nick says “The Corporation that Changed the World grew out of two intertwined themes: first, how the East India Company prefigured many of the issues generated by the modern multinational; and second, how public memory in Europe and Asia have been shaped by reactions to this imperial corporation, which, in Britain means the Company is largely invisible. The 2nd edition builds on the argument in both instances – looking in more detail at the Company’s involvement in two world shattering events: the opium trade between India and China, and the build up of corruptly enforced debts in India, perhaps the world’s first ‘third world debt’ crisis.”

Two of the most powerful influences in the world today are the international drug trade, which began with the East India Co., and international espionage, which began with the Bank of England. The East India Co. was granted a charter in 1600 in the closing days of Queen Elizabeth’s reign. In 1622, under James I, it became a joint stock company. In 1661, in an attempt to retain his throne, Charles II granted the East India Co. the power to make war. From 1700 to 1830, the East India Co. gained control of all India, and wrested the historic mononoly of opium from the Great Moguls.

The British East India Company was all about setting up a law about moving the goods and the money internationally. The Order invariably enlists “the law” against its enemies. The East India Co. originated as the London Staplers, was later known as the London Mercers Co., merchant guilds which held monopolies over certain avenues of commerce. It was a direct offshoot of the commercial banking establishments of northern Italy, Venice and Genoa.
Related firms were the German Hansa, and the Hanse of the Low Countries, which was headquartered in Bruges. It was also allied with the Levant Co. and the Anglo-Muscovy Co. Sebastian Cabot, whose descendants are prominent in American banking and intelligence, raised the seed money for Anglo-Muscovy in Italy and London. The company operated northern overland trade routes from the Baltic to India and China. Other related firms were the London Company, chartered in 1606 to establish The Virginian Plantation on a communistic basis, and the Plymouth Company, whose descendants control the New England business world.

The Crown periodically tried to maintain control of the monster it had unleashed. State Papers (Domestic) Interregnum, xvi, No. 97 (1649-51) states:

“Whereas severall warrants have bine obtained by the East India Company, for the transporting of severall great quantities of Gold and Silver the Ilk som tymes is granted to severall merchants and others upon ther petion and suggestions, and weras under cider of thes warrants to divers other great soms of money, both English Gold and Silver is transported out of the nation, wch might be prevented yf the stat would apoynt a swroen controlled one skilled in this affaire, to tak a vew and serch of all badge and cases of tresur, that are transported out of the nation, and to see to the packing and making up of said tresur, and that ther be sent no more, then, what the stat gives licence for, both for quantytie and quality, and registered, and returned yearly to the council of stat, and that the sd controller for his view and search and sealing and marking it up shall demand and have tow shillings appon every hundred pounds sterling by tayl, or the valew of every hundred pounds sterling, if that the Gold or Silver should be in bares or ingots, for all Gold and Silver that shall be exported by licence, either the East India Company or any other person whomsoever, and that it shall not be lawful for any man to transport Gold or Silver befor it be vewed and examined by Tho. Violet or his sufficient debity, and registered.”

The “City” banks, which dominate American finance and politics (code name for banks for the “City”, financial district of London), descend directly from East India Company and Bank of England operations. The Rockefeller Empire is the most prominent scion of this dynasty. The University of London was originally financed by Jeremy Bentham of the East India Co.,

RIGHT WING REPUBLICANS
Staplers formed the King’s Party against the ---- landed nobility (republicanism) and parliament ----
Then as now, the leftwing sought ownership of all land through an absolute ruler and a totalitarian centralized government.

LEFT WING
The University of London was originally financed by Jeremy Bentham of the East India Co., and John Stuart Mill.
The University of London, which received a $2 million grant in 1924 from Beardsley Rural as head of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Fund, and many other grants from American foundations houses Gresham College and the London School of Economics, where Harold Laski taught John F. Kennedy and David Rockefeller the principles of the World Order.

John Stuart Mill’s father, James, who was with the East India Co., named his son after John Stuart, head of East India Co.

John Stuart Mill was secretary of the East India Co. from 1856 until its dissolution. One of Mill’s most famous disciples, David Ricardo, originated the Theory of Rents, later expounded by the Marxists, and the “bare subsistence” law of wages. His descendant, Rita Ricardo, married to Wesley Campbell, head of the Hoover Institution, advised President Reagan on social security.

Robert Owen, promoter of the New Harmony commune, was a principal backer of John Quincy Adams’ Presidential campaign.
Adams had withheld support from Madison during the War of 1812, and had threatened secession from the Union. As Secretary of State, Adams had drafted the Monroe Doctrine, which gave the British East India Co. control of all Latin American markets, while keeping out all of its competitors !

T.D. Allman, in “The Doctrine That Never Was”, Harper’s, Jan. 1984, revealed that Monroe actually pledged not to interfere with any European power, unless they set up “new” colonies. The agreement, which was not even called the “Monroe Doctrine” until many years later, guaranteed the East India Company its markets in this hemisphere. When Britain violated the agreement in 1833 by seizing the Malvinas, the U.S. did nothing.

The New England banking and shipping interests controlled by Adams’ group created the Second Bank of the United States by repeated stock speculation campaigns, marked by typical bouts of hyperinflation and sudden deflation, which gave them control of millions of acres of farm lands throughout the Mississippi Valley from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.

This gave them enormous political influence in this entire region, allowing them to seed the southern Mississippi Valley with fanatical Secessionists and Abolitionists, whose revolutionary acts made the Civil War inevitable. Owen also coined the term Socialism; he was a business partner of a cotton manufacturer named Engels, whose son later became his political disciple, and still later became the partner of Karl Marx in founding the world Communist movement.

 

Second: British East India Company [ Danish West Indies - Corporations and Maritime Law ]

The English Politicians decided the laws and these people understood that there was a casted system in India. They liked that because they also believed in a caste system in England. In the Indian langauge a Brahmin is a member of the priestly class in the Indian subcontinent and belongs to the upper caste society.
Under Englands' Govenor General Warren Hastings an administrative precedent was set which profoundly shaped later attitudes towards the government of British India. Hastings had a great respect for the ancient scripture of Hinduism and set the British position on governance as one of looking back to the earliest precedents possible.

This allowed Brahmin advisors to mold the law. This approach accentuated the Hindu caste system and, to an extent, the frameworks of other religions. Thus, British influence on the fluid social structure of India can in large part be characterized as a solidification of the privileges of the Hindu caste system through the influence of the exclusively high-caste scholars by whom the British were advised in the formation of their laws.

When the British East India Company established its grip on India in the eighteenth century, it took over a system of state control over opium that had been a source of revenue for the Mogul empire. Warren Hastings, India's first governor general, had understood both the drug's dangers and its attractions: “Opium is not a necessary of life,” he said, “but a pernicious article of luxury which ought not to be permitted except for purposes of foreign commerce only.” At his direction the company planted vast pink and white fields of opium poppies on the Ganges plain, then monopolized the sale of the drug they yielded. (Hastings's encouragement paid off; opium exports to China eventually accounted for one seventh of British India's revenues.) Opium smoking had been officially barred by the Manchu emperors at Peking since 1729—an inconvenient fact, which, until shortly before Ned arrived in China, Chinese officials and Western traders alike found it easy enough to ignore in the interest of vast profits. By 1830 the opium trade at Canton was said to be the most valuable trade in any single commodity, anywhere on earth.

Globalisation is not a universal and secular creed…  It’s just a hangover from the Colonial Era.     

In its day, the company occupied and manipulated the interstices of a truly global economy. Tea from China was bought with opium from India; Indian and later British textiles (made from cotton grown in India) purchased slaves in west Africa, who were sold in the Americas for gold and silver, which was invested in England, where the sugar harvested by the slaves ensured a booming market for the tea from China. The big winners sat in the City of London. The more numerous losers could be found in every corner of the globe.     - Mike Marqusee     

Julian Assagne :     “Wherever in the world any type of corruption starts,  it ends in London.”

Queen Elizabeth II owns 1/6 of Earth’s land, could end poverty and hunger instead profits off our enslavement: A New Corporation World Order

Queen Elizabeth II owns 1/6 of all land on Earth

Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was born on 21 April 1926.

She is also the Queen regnant of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms.

The Queen does not have any legislative power in the UK, although she is still has the power to pass or veto laws by giving 'Royal Assent'.

 

Britain’s Welfare Queen FEB. 14, 2014
Queen Elizabeth II is often described, by some measures, as one of the richest people in the world. Among her private property is Balmoral Castle, her residence in the Scottish Highlands, which was purchased, together with a 50,000-acre estate, by Prince Albert for Queen Victoria in 1848. Queen Elizabeth also owns stud farms, personal art and fine jewelry. According to Forbes magazine, her personal worth is $500 million. 

Her personal wealth would enable her to keep company with Russian oligarchs and Saudi royalty indefinitely. The Crown Estate is a vast property portfolio that belongs to the crown as an embodiment of the state, and not to the reigning monarch as an individual. Among the assets held by the nation that the queen enjoys in her role as the sovereign are Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, the world-renowned royal art collection and the Crown Jewels.

Behind this tussle over who pays for what is the fundamental ambiguity of a parliamentary democracy headed by a hereditary monarch. This historic anomaly is the key to unraveling the mysteries of the royal finances. It explains how we can have a queen who is privately so very rich, yet who publicly pleads poverty.  The modern muddle began in 1760. King George III found himself £3 million in debt — a colossal sum, equivalent to more than £500 million in today’s money. To extricate himself, he surrendered to the government the management of, and revenues from, most of his property. In return, he received a fixed annual payment, known as the Civil List. As long as the public despises politicians and favors the royals, one of the richest families in the world will continue to live luxuriously at the taxpayers’ expense.

 

2009 Queen Elizabeth II the Largest Landowner on Earth

Queen Elizabeth II, head of state of the United Kingdom and of 31 other states and territories, is the legal owner of about 6,600 million acres of land, one sixth of the earth’s non ocean surface.  She is the only person on earth who owns whole countries, and who owns countries that are not her own domestic territory. This land ownership is separate from her role as head of state and is different from other monarchies where no such claim is made – Norway, Belgium, Denmark etc.  The value of her land holding. £17,600,000,000,000 (approx). the Queen’s land holding is worth a notional $33,000,000,000,000 (Thirty three trillion dollars or about £17,600,000,000,000). Her holding is based on the laws of the countries she owns and her land title is valid in all the countries she owns. Her main holdings are Canada, the 2nd largest country on earth, with 2,467 million acres, Australia, the 7th largest country on earth with 1,900 million acres, the Papua New Guinea with114 million acres, New Zealand with 66 million acres and the UK with 60 million acres.  She is the world’s largest landowner by a significant margin. The 4th largest landowner on earth is the Federal Government of the United States, which owns about one third of the land of the USA, 760 million acres.

 

Queen Elizabeth II - NOT the rightful heir to the Throne of England

Tony Robinsons' documentary tracing the family history of our royals has established that our queen is NOT the rightful heir to the throne of England - nor is ANYONE within her family. The Hastings Family is the real Henry the VIII.

Britain's Nazi King